Future Tense

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated ) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French ''aimera'', meaning "will love", derived from the verb ''aimer'' ("love"). The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

English does not have an inflectional future tense, though it has a variety of grammatical and lexical means for expressing future-related meanings. These include modal auxiliaries such as ''will'' and ''shall'' as well as the futurate present tense.

Expressions

The nature of the future, necessarily uncertain and at varying distances ahead, means that the speaker may refer to future events with the modality either of probability (what the speaker expects to happen) or intent (what the speaker plans to make happen).Östen Dahl, ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Blackwell, 1985, pp. 105-106. Whether future expression is realis or irrealis depends not so much on an objective ontological notion of future reality, but rather on the degree of the speaker's conviction that the event will in fact come about.

In many languages there is no grammatical ( morphological or syntactic) indication of future tense. Future meaning is supplied by the context, with the use of temporal adverbs such as "later", "next year", etc. Such adverbs (in particular words meaning "tomorrow" and "then") sometimes develop into grammaticalized future tense markers. (A tense used to refer specifically to occurrences taking place on the following day is called a crastinal tense.)

In other languages, mostly of European origin, specific markers indicate futurity. These structures constitute a ''future tense''. In many cases, an auxiliary verb is used, as in English, where futurity is often indicated by the modal auxiliary ''will'' (or ''shall''). However, some languages combine such an auxiliary with the main verb to produce a simple (one-word, morphological) future tense. This is the origin of the future tense in Western Romance languages such as French and Italian (see below).

A given language may have more than one way to express futurity. English, for example, often refers to future events using present tense forms or other structures such as the ''going-to'' future, besides the canonical form with ''will/shall''. In addition, the verb forms used for the future tense can also be used to express other types of meaning; English again provides examples of this (see English modal verbs for the various meanings that both ''will'' and ''shall'' can have besides simply expressing futurity).

Germanic languages

In Germanic languages, including English, a common expression of the future is using the present tense, with the futurity expressed using words that imply future action (''I go to Berlin ''tomorrow'' or ''I am going to Berlin ''tomorrow''). There is no simple ( morphological) future tense as such. However, the future can also be expressed by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense auxiliary verbs with the simple infinitive (stem) of the main verb. These auxiliary forms vary between the languages. Other, generally more informal, expressions of futurity use an auxiliary with the compound infinitive of the main verb (as with the English ''is going to ...'').

English

English grammar provides a number of ways to indicate the future nature of an occurrence. Some argue that English, like most Germanic languages, does not have a future tense—that is, a grammatical form that always indicates futurity—nor does it have a mandatory form for the expression of futurity. However, through gradual development from its Germanic roots, English became what is now considered a language strongly future-tense-marking. Currently, there are several generally accepted ways to indicate futurity in English, and some of them—particularly those that use ''will'' or ''shall'' as the most universal and widely used—are frequently described as future tense while some may argue these verbs serve both as present modal verbs and future tense markers.

The ''will/shall'' future consists of the modal verb ''will'' or ''shall'' together with the bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when time permits". ( Prescriptive grammarians prefer ''will'' in the second and third persons and ''shall'' in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or determination, but in practice ''shall'' and ''will'' are generally used interchangeably,Usage notes on "shall" in New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999 Oxford University Press with ''will'' being more common. For details see ''shall'' and ''will''.) The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in other languages. However the same construction with ''will'' or ''shall'' can have other meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks", meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, "You shall act on my behalf", giving an order). For details of these meanings, see the sections on ''will'' and ''shall'' in the article on English modal verbs.

The form of the ''will/shall'' future described above is frequently called the ''simple future'' (or ''future simple''). Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that express particular aspects: the ''future progressive'' (or ''future continuous'') as in "He will be working"; the ''future perfect'' as in "They will have finished"; and the ''future perfect progressive'' as in "You will have been practising." For detail on these, see the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section above.)

Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future:
* Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at five," or, "My cousins arrive tomorrow." Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with future meaning". Use of the present tense (rather than forms with ''will'') is mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...". For more details see the sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the article on English verb forms.
* The ''going-to'' future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight."
* The construction with a finite form of the copula verb ''be'' together with the ''to''-infinitive, e.g., "John ''is to leave'' tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see '' am to''.
* The construction with ''to be about to'', e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar meaning also exist, such as ''to be on the point of (doing something)''.)
* Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future time with certain modality: "I ''must'' do this" (also ''mun'' in Northern English dialect); "We ''should'' help him"; "I ''can'' get out of here"; "We ''may'' win"; "You ''might'' succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, see English modal verbs.

Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The auxiliaries ''will'' and ''shall'' form the contracted negations ''won't'' and ''shan't'' (they can also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to '' 'll'', such as in ''I'll find it'').

The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state).Fleischman, Suzanne, ''The Future in Thought and Language'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982: pp. 18-19, 86-89, and 95-97. The precise interpretation must be based on the context. In particular there is sometimes a distinction in usage between the ''will/shall'' future and the ''going-to'' future (although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see the ''going-to'' future article.

Dutch

Dutch can express the future in three ways:
*''gaan'' + infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "''Gaan''" is a cognate of "to go".
*''zullen'' + infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "''Zullen''" is a cognate of "shall".
* ''present tense'' + context or a temporal adverb or clause: ''Hoe lang blijft hij in Nederland''? (How long is he staying in the Netherlands?) Its English-language equivalent uses the continuous or imperfective aspect.
''Zullen'' + infinitive is more similar to ''shall'' than to ''will''. It is used to:
*express a promise or a proposal
*emphasize that something will certainly happen
*express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability)
English ''will'' and Dutch ''wil'', although cognates, have over the centuries shifted in meaning, such that ''will'' is almost identical to ''shall'', whereas Dutch ''wil'' means ''want'', as in ''Ik wil het doen'' (I want to do it).

''Gaan'' + infinitive can be compared with the English "going to" . It is used:
*to express an intended action (but not a promise, proposal, or solemn plan)
*to say that an event is going to take place (without emphasizing the certainty or mentioning the probability)

Swedish

Swedish ''skall'' strongly implies intention, but with an adverb such as ''nog'' "probably" it can avoid the implication of intentionality: ''Det här skall nog gå bra'' "This will probably go well". However, the past tense of ''skall'', ''skulle'', can be used without such an adverb to express predictions in the past: ''Pelle sa, att det skulle bli varmt på eftermiddagen'' "Pelle said that it would be warm in the afternoon."

Pure future, regardless of intention, is usually expressed with ''kommer att'' (literally: "comes to"): ''Det här kommer att gå bra'' "This will go well", ''Du kommer att överleva det här'' "You will survive this".

Generally, future tense is sparsely used in spoken Swedish, with the verb instead being put in present tense and accompanied by a distinct time specification: ''Jag åker till Spanien på fredag'' "I travel to Spain on Friday" ''Då ses vi imorgon.'' "Then we meet tomorrow"

Latin and Romance

The future tense forms in Latin varied by conjugation. Here is a sample of the future tense for the first conjugation verb ''amare'', "to love".

See Latin conjugation for further details. Sound changes in Vulgar Latin made future forms difficult to distinguish from other verb forms (e.g., ''amabit'' "he will love" vs. ''amavit'' "he loved"), and the Latin simple future forms were gradually replaced by periphrastic structures involving the infinitive and an auxiliary verb, such as ''debere'', ''venire'', ''velle'', or especially ''habere''. All of the modern Romance languages have grammaticalized one of these periphrastic constructions for expressing the future tense; none of them has preserved the original Latin future, with the exception of Old French preserving the original Latin future forms of ''estre'' "to be": ''jo (i)er'', ''tu (i)ers'', ''il (i)ert'', ''nos (i)ermes'', ''vos *(i)ertes'', and ''il (i)erent'', all of them were derived from ''erō'', irregular future form of ''esse'' "to be", in addition to future forms in ''ser-'' (< ''sedēre'' "to sit") or ''estr-''.

Future tense with ''habere''

While Classical Latin used a set of suffixes to the main verb for the future tense, later Vulgar Latin adopted the use of ''habere'' ("to have") with the infinitive, as for example:

''petant aut non petant venire habet'' ("whether they ask or do not ask, it will come")

From this construction, the major Western Romance languages have simple future tense forms that derive from the infinitive followed by a conjugated form of the verb "to have" (Latin ''habere''). As the auxiliary verb lost its modal force (from a verb expressing obligation, desire, or intention, to a simple marker of tense), it also lost syntactic autonomy (becoming an enclitic) and phonological substance (e.g., Latin first singular ''habeo'' > ''ayyo'' > Old French ''ai'', Modern French ).

Thus the sequence of Latin verbs ''amare habeo'' ("I have to love") gave rise to French ''aimerai'', Spanish ''amaré'', etc. "I will love".

Phonetic changes also affected the infinitive in the evolution of this form, so that in the modern languages the future stem is not always identical to the infinitive. Consider the following Spanish examples:
* "go out": infinitive ''salir'' → 1st. sing. future ''saldré'' in lieu of *''saliré''
* "know": infinitive ''saber'' → 2nd. sing future "sabrás" in lieu of *''saberás''
* "do": infinitive ''hacer'' → 3rd sing. future ''hará'' in lieu of *''hacerá''
* "want": infinitive ''querer'' → 3rd pl. future ''querrán'' in lieu of *''quererán''

Indo-Aryan languages

Hindi

In Hindi, verbs can be conjugated for three grammatical aspects ( habitual, perfective, and progressive) and five grammatical moods (indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, contrafactual, and imperative). Out of the three aspects, the habitual mood of Hindi cannot be conjugated into the future tense. The indicative future is constructed from the subjunctive future forms. Imperatives in Hindi can also be put into future tense.

Indicative and Subjunctive future

There are two future subjunctive moods in modern Hindi, first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is used with if clauses and relative clauses. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective. This perfective subjunctive cannot be used as a coupla for aspectual participles.

The future indicative forms are constructed using the future subjunctive forms of verbs by adding the future suffix गा (-''gā'') which declines for number and gender of the grammatical person. The table below shows the future subjunctive and indicative forms of the verb करना ''karnā'' (to do).

Prospective future

The prospective future is constructed using the prospective future participle which is constructed from the oblique infinitive by adding the suffix वाला (-''vālā'') which also declines for the number and the gender of the pronoun. The participle is always followed by the auxiliary verb होना (''honā)'' in its conjugated forms. The copula होना (''honā)'' can be put into four grammatical moods: indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, and contrafactual. The table below shows the indicative mood forms of the prospective future for the verb करना ''karnā'' (to do).

Imperative future

Imperatives in Hindi can be conjugated into two tenses, present and future tense. The conjugations are mentioned in the table below for the verb करना ''karnā'' (to do). Hindi also has imperatives forms which are constructed form the subjunctive form of the verbs for the formal 2nd person pronoun आप (āp), and also third person pronouns to give indirect commands.

Semitic languages

Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew has a distinction between past and future tenses which is similar in form to those used in other Semitic languages such as Arabic and Aramaic. Gesenius refers to the past and future verb forms as Perfect and Imperfect, respectively, separating completed action from uncompleted action. However, the usage of verbs in these forms does not always have the same temporal meaning as in Indo-European languages, mainly due to the common use of a construct of inverting the time reference with a prefix "Waw consecutive" (ו' ההיפוך). With this construct, the Perfect-consecutive refers to the future and the Imperfect-consecutive refers to the past.

Usage of the imperfect to discuss future events is somewhat uncommon in Biblical Hebrew, as the Bible mainly discusses past events. It can be found in quoted speech, such as in the words of Moses (imperfect verbs stressed):

The Perfect-consecutive is commonly found in prophetic text, describing an unspecified future, as in the Book of Isaiah:

Modern Hebrew always employs the imperfect as the future tense (and the perfect as the past tense). The usage of "Waw consecutive" has practically disappeared, except for quotes from the Bible and Poetic language.

Arabic

To form future tense in Arabic the prefix (سـ) "sa" is added to the present tense verb, or (سوف) "sawfa".

For example, consider the sentence:

To express the future we have two ways:

written as part of the verb

written as a Clitic to indicate the future but preceding the verb

In Classical Arabic the latter indicates an individual future action that usually takes place further in the future than the first mentioned form, which is usually used with verbs that relate to other actions, and mostly referring to rather near future actions.
However, in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) the distinction is minimal.

Moreover, the indication of the future tense in dialectal Arabic is quite varied from one dialect to the next.
Generally speaking, the words meaning "want to" (بدي / أريد أن), "go to" (أروح), "intend to"(ناوي /نويت), and many others are used daily to indicate future actions.
In Moroccan Arabic, the word "Ghad" (غاد) is used to indicate future, which literally means "there" (or there is to happen), that is in some way similar to the English formation "there I go.."

Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese has no grammatical tense, instead indicating time of action from the context or using adverbs. However, the auxiliary verb 會 / - ''huì'' / ㄏㄨㄟˋ, a modal meaning "can", "know how", can alternatively indicate futurity.Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca, ''The Evolution of Grammar'', Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994. For lexical futurity, the word ''yào'', which can serve as a verb meaning "to want", can also serve as an adverb meaning "immediately":Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thomson, ''Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar'', 1989. For example, ''wǒ yào xǐzǎo'' can mean either "I want to bathe" or "I am about to bathe". 即 ''jí''、將 ''jiāng'' serve a similar function as tense-marking adverbs.

Creoles

Creoles are languages with a vocabulary heavily based on a superstrate language but a grammar based on substrate languages and/or universal language tendencies. Some Creoles model a future tense/irrealis mood marker on "go" from the superstrate (analogous to English "am going to").Holm, John, ''An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000. In many creoles the future can be indicated with the progressive aspect, analogous to the English "I'm seeing him tomorrow." In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect. When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated with invariant pre-verbal markers in the sequence anterior relative tense (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), imperfective aspect.

Jamaican English Creole

The future marker in Jamaican Creole is /de go/ or /a go/: /de go hapm/ "is going to happen", /mi a go ɹon/ "I am going to run".

Belizean Creole English

In Belizean Creole, the future tense is indicated by a mandatory invariant pre-verbal particle /(w)a(n)/, /gwein/, or /gouɲ/.

Gullah

In Gullah the future is indicated by the pre-verbal marker ''gwine'': ''Uh gwine he'p dem'' "I'm going to help them".

Hawaiian Creole English

In Hawaiian Creole, the pre-verbal future marker is ''gon'': ''Ai gon bai wan pikap'' "I'm going to buy a pickup".

Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole, based on a French superstrate, interchangeably uses ''pral'' or ''va'' (from French 3rd person singular ''va'' "goes") pre-verbally to indicate the future:Turnbull, Wally R., ''Creole Made Easy'', Light Messages, 2000, p. 13. ''Mwen va fini'' lit. "I go finish"; ''Li pral vini jodi a'' "He will come today".

References

External links

4 Future Tenses ExplainedEnglish Grammar Reference and Exercises

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Tense
Grammatical tenses